Treaty of Peace Between The Allied & Associated Powers
and Turkey
Signed at Sevres - August 10, 1920
Note: Includes Peace Treaty of Versailles 28 June, 1919.
The Treaty of Sevres, 1920
(from: The Treaties of Peace 1919-1923, Vol. II, Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace, New York, 1924.)
Section I, Articles 1-260
THE TREATY OF PEACE BETWEEN THE ALLIED AND ASSOCIATED POWERS
AND TURKEY
SIGNED AT SEVRES
AUGUST 10, 1920
THE BRITISH EMPIRE, FRANCE, ITALY AND JAPAN,
These Powers being described in the present Treaty as the Principal
Allied Powers;
ARMENIA, BELGIUM, GREECE, THE HEDJAZ, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA, THE
SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE AND CZECHO-SLOVAKIA,
These Powers constituting, with the Principal Powers mentioned above,
the Allied Powers, of the one part;
AND TURKEY,
of the other part;
Whereas on the request of the Imperial Ottoman Government an Armistice
was granted to Turkey on October 30, 1918, by the Principal Allied
Powers in order that a Treaty of Peace might be concluded, and
Whereas the Allied Powers are equally desirous that the war in which
certain among them were successively involved, directly or indirectly,
against Turkey, and which originated in the declaration of war against
Serbia on July 28, I914, by the former Imperial and Royal
Austro-Hungarian Government, and in the hostilities opened by Turkey
against the Allied Powers on October 29, 1914, and conducted by
Germany in alliance with Turkey, should be replaced by a firm, just
and durable Peace,
For this purpose the HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES have appointed as their
Plenipotentiaries:
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND TIIE SEAS, EMPEROR OF INDIA:
Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of His
Britannic Majesty at Paris;
for the DOMINION of CANADA:
The Honourable Sir George Halsey PERLEY, K.C. M. G
High Commissioner for Canada in the United Kingdom;
for the COMMONWEALTH of AUSTRALIA:
The Right Honourable Andrew FISHER, High Commissioner for Australia in
the United Kingdom;
for the DOMINION of NEW ZEALAND:
Sir George Dixon GRAHAME, K. C. V. O., Minister Plenipotentiary of His
Britannic Majesty at Paris;
for the UNION of SOUTH AFRICA:
Mr. Reginald Andrew BLANKENBERG, O. B. E., Acting High Commissioner
for the Union of South Africa in the United Kingdom;
for INDIA:
Sir Arthur HIRTZEL, K. C. B., Assistant Under Secretary of State for India;
THE PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH REPUBLIC:
Mr. Alexandre MILLERAND, President of the Council, Minister for Foreign Affairs
Mr. Frederic FRANCOIS-MARSAL, Minister of Finance
Mr. Auguste Paul-Louis ISAAC, Minister of Commerce and Industry;
Mr. Jules CAMBON, Ambassador of France
Mr. Georges Maurice PALEOLOGUE, Ambassador of France, Secretary-General
of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs;
Hls MAJESTY THE KING OF ITALY:
Count LELIO BONIN LONGARE, Senator of the Kingdom
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of H. M. the King of
Italy at Paris
General Giovanni MARIETTI, Italian Military Representative on the
Supreme War Council;
Hls MAJESTY THE EMPEROR OF JAPAN:
Viscount CHINDA, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
H. M. the Emperor of Japan at London;
Mr. K. MATSUI, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of
H. M. the Emperor of Japan at Paris;
ARMENIA:
Mr. Avetis AHARONIAN, President of the Delegation of the Armenian Republic;
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE BELGIANS:
Mr. Jules VAN DEN HEUVEL, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary,
Minister of State;
Mr. ROLIN JAEQUEMYNS, Member of the Institute of Private International
Law, Secretary-General of the Belgian Delegation;
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HELLENES:
Mr. Eleftherios K. VENIZELOS, President of the Council of Ministers;
Mr. Athos ROMANOS, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
H. M. the King of the Hellenes at Paris;
HIS MAJESTY THE KING OF THE HEDJAZ:
THE PRESIDENT OF THE POLISH REPUBLIC:
Count Maurice ZAMOYSKI, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of the Polish Republic at Paris;
Mr. Erasme PILTZ;
THE PRESIDENT OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC:
Dr. Affonso da COSTA, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
His MAJESTY THE KING OF ROUMANIA:
Mr. Nicolae TITULESCU, Minister of Finance;
Prince DIMITRIE GHIKA, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of H. M. the King of Roumania at Paris;
Hls MAJESTY THE KING OF THE SERBS, THE CROATS AND THE SLOVENES:
Mr. Nicolas P. PACHITCH, formerly President of the Council of Ministers;
Mr. Ante TRUMBIC, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
THE PRESIDENT OF THE CZECHO-SLOVAK REPUBLIC:
Mr. Edward BENES, Minister for Foreign Affairs;
Mr. Stephen OSUSKY, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
of the Czecho-Slovak Republic at London;
TURKEY:
General HAADI Pasha, Senator;
RIZA TEVFIK Bey, Senator;
RECHAD HALISS Bey, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of
Turkey at Berne; WHO, having communicated their full powers, found in
good and due form, have AGREED AS FOLLOWS:
From the coming into force of the present Treaty the state of war will
terminate.
From that moment and subject to the provisions of the present Treaty,
officiai relations will exist between the Allied Powers and Turkey.
PART I.
THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
ARTICLES 1 TO 26 AND ANNEX
See Part I, Treaty of Versailles, Pages 10-23.
[ Groong Note: We include this reference to the Versailles Treaty
in the Sevres Treaty here, in indented form, as it is an
integral and legally binding part of the treaty. ]
Peace Treaty of Versailles 28 June, 1919
Articles 1 - 26 and Annex The Covenant of the League of Nations
------------------------------------------------------------------------
THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES, In order to promote international co-
operation and to achieve international peace and security by the
acceptance of obligations not to resort to war by the prescription of
open, just and honourable relations between nations by the firm
establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual
rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice
and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of
organised peoples with one another Agree to this Covenant of the
League of Nations.
ARTICLE 1.
The original Members of the League of Nations shall be those of the
Signatories which are named in the Annex to this Covenant and also
such of those other States named in the Annex as shall accede without
reservation to this Covenant. Such accession shall be effected by a
Declaration deposited with the Secretariat within two months of the
coming into force of the Covenant Notice thereof shall be sent to all
other Members of the League. Any fully self- governing State,
Dominion, or Colony not named in the Annex may become a Member of the
League if its admission is agreed to by two- thirds of the Assembly
provided that it shall give effective guarantees of its sincere
intention to observe its international obligations, and shall accept
such regulations as may be prescribed by the League in regard to its
military, naval, and air forces and armaments. Any Member of the
League may, after two years' notice of its intention so to do,
withdraw from the League, provided that all its international
obligations and all its obligations under this Covenant shall have
been fulfilled at the time of its withdrawal.
ARTICLE 2.
The action of the League under this Covenant shall be effected through
the instrumentality of an Assembly and of a Council, with a permanent
Secretariat.
ARTICLE 3.
The Assembly shall consist of Representatives of the Members of the
League. The Assembly shall meet at stated intervals and from time to
time as occasion may require at the Seat of the League or at such
other place as may be decided upon. The Assembly may deal at its
meetings with any matter within the sphere of action of the League or
affecting the peace of the world. At meetings of the Assembly each
Member of the League shall have one vote, and may not have more than
three Representatives.
ARTICLE 4.
The Council shall consist of Representatives of the Principal Allied
and Associated Powers, together with Representatives of four other
Members of the League. These four Members of the League shall be
selected by the Assembly from time to time in its discretion. Until
the appointment of the Representatives of the four Members of the
League first selected by the Assembly, Representatives of Belgium,
Brazil, Spain, and Greece shall be members of the Council. With the
approval of the majority of the Assembly, the Council may name
additional Members of the League whose Representatives shall always be
members of the Council; the Council with like approval may increase
the number of Members of the League to be selected by the Assembly for
representation on the Council. The Council shall meet from time to
time as occasion may require, and at least once a year, at the Seat of
the League, or at such other place as may be decided upon. The Council
may deal at its meetings with any matter within the sphere of action
of the League or affecting the peace of the world. Any Member of the
League not represented on the Council shall be invited to send a
Representative to sit as a member at any meeting of the Council during
the consideration of matters specially affecting the interests of that
Member of the League. At meetings of the Council, each Member of the
League represented on the Council shall have one vote, and may have
not more than one Representative.
ARTICLE 5.
Except where otherwise expressly provided in this Covenant or by the
terms of the present Treaty, decisions at any meeting of the Assembly
or of the Council shall require the agreement of all the Members of
the League represented at the meeting. All matters of procedure at
meetings of the Assembly or of the Council, including the appointment
of Committees to investigate particular matters, shall be regulated by
the Assembly or by the Council and may be decided by a majority of the
Members of the League represented at the meeting. The first meeting of
the Assembly and the first meeting of the Council shall be summoned by
the President of the United States of America.
ARTICLE 6.
The permanent Secretariat shall be established at the Seat of the
League. The Secretariat shall comprise a Secretary General and such
secretaries and staff as may be required. The first Secretary General
shall be the person named in the Annex; thereafter the Secretary
General shall be appointed by the Council with the approval of the
majority of the Assembly. The secretaries and staff of the Secretariat
shall be appointed by the Secretary General with the approval of the
Council. The Secretary General shall act in that capacity at all
meetings of the Assembly and of the Council. The expenses of the
Secretariat shall be borne by the Members of the League in accordance
with the apportionment of the expenses of the International Bureau of
the Universal Postal Union.
ARTICLE 7.
The Seat of the League is established at Geneva. The Council may at
any time decide that the Seat of the League shall be established
elsewhere. All positions under or in connection with the League,
including he Secretariat, shall be open equally to men and
women. Representatives of the Members of the League and officials of
he League when engaged on the business of the League shall enjoy
diplomatic privileges and immunities. The buildings and other property
occupied by the League or its officials or by Representatives
attending its meetings shall be inviolable.
ARTICLE 8.
The Members of the League recognise that the maintenance of peace
requires the reduction of national armaments to the lowest point
consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action
of international obligations. The Council, taking account of the
geographical situation and circumstances of each State, shall
formulate plans for such reduction for the consideration and action of
the several Governments. Such plans shall be subject to
reconsideration and revision at least every ten years. After these
plans shall have been adopted by the several Governments, the limits
of armaments therein fixed shall not be exceeded without the
concurrence of the Council. The Members of the League agree that the
manufacture by private enterprise of munitions and implements of war
is open to grave objections. The Council shall advise how the evil
effects attendant upon such manufacture can be prevented, due regard
being had to the necessities of those Members of the League which are
not able to manufacture the munitions and implements of war necessary
for their safety. The Members of the League undertake to interchange
full and frank information as to the scale of their armaments, their
military, naval, and air programmes and the condition of such of their
industries as are adaptable to war-like purposes.
ARTICLE 9.
A permanent Commission shall be constituted to advise the Council on
the execution of the provisions of Articles 1 and 8 and on military,
naval, and air questions generally.
ARTICLE 10.
The Members of the League undertake to respect and preserve as against
external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political
independence of all Members of the League. In case of any such
aggression or in case of any threat or danger of such aggression the
Council shall advise upon the means by which this obligation shall be
fulfilled.
ARTICLE 11.
Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the
Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern
to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be
deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations. In case
any such emergency should arise the Secretary General shall on the
request of any Member of the League forthwith summon a meeting of the
Council. It is also declared to be the friendly right of each Member
of the League to bring to the attention of the Assembly or of the
Council any circumstance whatever affecting international relations
which threatens to disturb international peace or the good
understanding between nations upon which peace depends.
ARTICLE 12.
The Members of the League agree that if there should arise between
them any dispute likely to lead to a rupture, they will submit the
matter either to arbitration or to inquiry by the Council, and they
agree in no case to resort to war until three months after the award
by the arbitrators or the report by the Council. In any case under
this Article the award of the arbitrators shall be made within a
reasonable time, and the report of the Council shall be made within
six months after the submission of the dispute.
ARTICLE 13.
The Members of the League agree that whenever any dispute shall arise
between them which they recognise to be suitable for submission to
arbitration and which cannot be satisfactorily settled by diplomacy,
they will submit the whole subject-matter to arbitration. Disputes as
to the interpretation of a treaty, as to any question of international
law, as to the existence of any fact which if established would
constitute a breach of any international obligation, or as to the
extent and nature of the reparation to be made or any such breach, are
declared to be among those which are generally suitable for submission
to arbitration. For the consideration of any such dispute the court of
arbitration to which the case is referred shall be the Court agreed on
by the parties to the dispute or stipulated in any convention existing
between them. The Members of the League agree that they will carry out
in full good faith any award that may be rendered, and that they will
not resort to war against a Member of the League which complies
therewith. In the event of any failure to carry out such an award, the
Council shall propose what steps should be taken to give effect
thereto.
ARTICLE 14.
The Council shall formulate and submit to the Members of the League
for adoption plans for the establishment of a Permanent Court of
International Justice. The Court shall be competent to hear and
determine any dispute of an international character which the parties
thereto submit to it. The Court may also give an advisory opinion upon
any dispute or question referred to it by the Council or by the
Assembly.
ARTICLE 15.
If there should arise between Members of the League any dispute likely
to lead to a rupture, which is not submitted to arbitration in
accordance with Article 13, the Members of the League agree that they
will submit the matter to the Council. Any party to the dispute may
effect such submission by giving notice of the existence of the
dispute to the Secretary General, who will make all necessary
arrangements for a full investigation and consideration thereof. For
this purpose the parties to the dispute will communicate to the
Secretary General, as promptly as possible, statements of their case
with all the relevant facts and papers, and the Council may forthwith
direct the publication thereof. The Council shall endeavour to effect
a settlement of the dispute, and if such efforts are successful, a
statement shall be made public giving such facts and explanations
regarding the dispute and the terms of settlement thereof as the
Council may deem appropriate. If the dispute is not thus settled, the
Council either unanimously or by a majority vote shall make and
publish a report containing a statement of the facts of the dispute
and the recommendations which are deemed just and proper in regard
thereto Any Member of the League represented on the Council may make
public a statement of the facts of the dispute and of its conclusions
regarding the same. If a report by the Council is unanimously agreed
to by the members thereof other than the Representatives of one or
more of the parties to the dispute, the Members of the League agree
that they will not go to war with any party to the dispute which
complies with the recommendations of the report. If the Council fails
to reach a report which is unanimously agreed to by the members
thereof, other than the Representatives of one or more of the parties
to the dispute, the Members of the League reserve to themselves the
right to take such action as they shall consider necessary for the
maintenance of right and justice. If the dispute between the parties
is claimed by one of them, and is found by the Council, to arise out
of a matter which by international law is solely within the domestic
jurisdiction of that party, the Council shall so report, and shall
make no recommendation as to its settlement. The Council may in any
case under this Article refer the dispute to the Assembly. The dispute
shall be so referred at the request of either party to the dispute,
provided that such request be made within fourteen days after the
submission of the dispute to the Council. In any case referred to the
Assembly, all the provisions of this Article and of Article 12
relating to the action and powers of the Council shall apply to the
action and powers of the Assembly, provided that a report made by the
Assembly, if concurred in by the Representatives of those Members of
the League represented on the Council and of a majority of the other
Members of the League, exclusive in each case of the Representatives
of the parties to the dispute shall have the same force as a report by
the Council concurred in by all the members thereof other than the
Representatives of one or more of the parties to the dispute.
ARTICLE 16.
Should any Member of the League resort to war in disregard of its
covenants under Articles 12, 13, or 15, it shall ipso facto be deemed
to have committed an act of war against all other Members of the
League, which hereby undertake immediately to subject it to the
severance of all trade or financial relations, the prohibition of all
intercourse between their nations and the nationals of the
covenant-breaking State, and the prevention of all financial,
commercial, or personal intercourse between the nationals of the
covenant-breaking State and the nationals of any other State, whether
a Member of the League or not. It shall be the duty of the Council in
such case to recommend to the several Governments concerned what
effective military, naval, or air force the Members of the League
shall severally contribute to the armed forces to be used to protect
the covenants of the League. The Members of the League agree, further,
that they will mutually support one another in the financial and
economic measures which are taken under this Article, in order to
minimise the loss and inconvenience resulting from the above measures,
and that they will mutually support one another in resisting any
special measures aimed at one of their number by the covenant breaking
State, and that they will take the necessary steps to afford passage
through their territory to the forces of any of the Members of the
League which are co-operating to protect the covenants of the
League. Any Member of the League which has violated any covenant of
the League may be declared to be no longer a Member of the League by a
vote of the Council concurred in by the Representatives of all the
other Members of the League represented thereon.
ARTICLE 17.
In the event of a dispute between a Member of the League and a State
which is not a Member of the League, or between States not Members of
the League, the State or States, not Members of the League shall be
invited to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the
purposes of such dispute, upon such conditions as the Council may deem
just. If such invitation is accepted, the provisions of Articles 12 to
16 inclusive shall be applied with such modifications as may be deemed
necessary by the Council. Upon such invitation being given the Council
shall immediately institute an inquiry into the circumstances of the
dispute and recommend such action as may seem best and most effectual
in the circumstances. If a State so invited shall refuse to accept the
obligations of membership in the League for the purposes of such
dispute, and shall resort to war against a Member of the League, the
provisions of Article 16 shall be applicable as against the State
taking such action. If both parties to the dispute when so invited
refuse to accept the obligations of membership in the League for the
purpose of such dispute, the Council may take such measures and make
such recommendations as will prevent hostilities and will result in
the settlement of the dispute.
ARTICLE 18.
Every treaty or international engagement entered into hereafter by any
Member of the League shall be forthwith registered with the
Secretariat and shall as soon as possible be published by it. No such
treaty or international engagement shall be binding until so
registered.
ARTICLE 19.
The Assembly may from time to time advise the reconsideration by
Members of the League of treaties which have become inapplicable and
the consideration of international conditions whose continuance might
endanger the peace of the world.
ARTICLE 20.
The Members of the League severally agree that this Covenant is
accepted as abrogating all obligations or understandings inter se
which are inconsistent with the terms thereof, and solemnly undertake
that they will not hereafter enter into any engagements inconsistent
with the terms thereof. In case any Member of the League shall, before
becoming a Member of the League, have undertaken any obligations
inconsistent with the terms of this Covenant, it shall be the duty of
such Member to take immediate steps to procure its release from such
obligations.
ARTICLE 21.
Nothing in this Covenant shall be deemed to affect the validity of
international engagements, such as treaties of arbitration or regional
understandings like the Monroe doctrine, for securing the maintenance
of peace.
ARTICLE 22.
To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late
war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which
formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able
to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern
world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and
development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and
that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied
in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this
principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to
advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or
their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility,
and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be
exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League. The
character of the mandate must differ according to the stage of the
development of the people, the geographical situation of the
territory, its economic conditions, and other similar circumstances.
Certain communities formerly belonging to the Turkish Empire have
reached a stage of development where their existence as independent
nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of
administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as
they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be
a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. Other
peoples, especially those of Central Africa, are at such a stage that
the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the
territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience
and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and
morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms
traffic, and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the
establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of
military training of the natives for other than police purposes and
the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for
the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. There are
territories, such as South-West Africa and certain of the South
Pacific Islands, which, owing to the sparseness of their population,
or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of
civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the
Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the
laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject
to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous
population. In every case of mandate, the Mandatory shall render to
the Council an annual report in reference to the territory committed
to its charge. The degree of authority, control, or administration to
be exercised by the Mandatory shall, if not previously agreed upon by
the Members of the League, be explicitly defined in each case by the
Council. A permanent Commission shall be constituted to receive and
examine the annual reports of the Mandatories and to advise the
Council on all matters relating to the observance of the mandates.
ARTICLE 23.
Subject to and in accordance with the provisions of international
conventions existing or hereafter to be agreed upon, the Members of
the League: (a) will endeavour to secure and maintain fair and humane
conditions of labour for men, women, and children, both in their own
countries and in all countries to which their commercial and
industrial relations extend, and for that purpose will establish and
maintain the necessary international organisations; (b) undertake to
secure just treatment of the native inhabitants of territories under
their control; =A9 will entrust the League with the general
supervision over the execution of agreements with regard to the
traffic in women and children, and the traffic in opium and other
dangerous drugs; (d) will entrust the League with the general
supervision of the trade in arms and ammunition with the countries in
which the control of this traffic is necessary in the common interest;
(e) will make provision to secure and maintain freedom of
communications and of transit and equitable treatment for the commerce
of all Members of the League. In this connection, the special
necessities of the regions devastated during the war of 1914-1918
shall be borne in mind; (f) will endeavour to take steps in matters of
international concern for the prevention and control of disease.
ARTICLE 24.
There shall be placed under the direction of the League all
international bureaux already established by general treaties if the
parties to such treaties consent. All such international bureaux and
all commissions for the regulation of matters of international
interest hereafter constituted shall be placed under the direction of
the League. In all matters of international interest which are
regulated by general conventions but which are not placed under the
control of international bureaux or commissions, the Secretariat of
the League shall, subject to the consent of the Council and if desired
by the parties, collect and distribute all relevant information and
shall render any other assistance which may be necessary or
desirable. The Council may include as part of the expenses of the
Secretariat the expenses of any bureau or commission which is placed
under the direction of the League.
ARTICLE 25.
The Members of the League agree to encourage and promote the
establishment and co-operation of duly authorised voluntary national
Red Cross organisations having as purposes the improvement of health,
the prevention of disease, and the mitigation of suffering throughout
the world.
ARTICLE 26.
Amendments to this Covenant will take effect when ratified by the
Members of the League whose representatives compose the Council and by
a majority of the Members of the League whose Representatives compose
the Assembly. No such amendment shall bind any Member of the League
which signifies its dissent therefrom, but in that case it shall cease
to be a Member of the League.
ANNEX.
I. ORIGINAL MEMBERS OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS SIGNATORIES OF THE TREATY
OF PEACE.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, BELGIUM, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL, BRITISH EMPIRE,
CANADA, AUSTRALIA, SOUTH AFRICA, NEW ZEALAND, INDIA, CHINA, CUBA,
ECUADOR, FRANCE, GREECE, GUATEMALA, HAITI, HEDJAZ, HONDURAS, ITALY,
JAPAN, LIBERIA, NICARAGUA, PANAMA, PERU, POLAND, PORTUGAL, ROUMANIA,
SERB-CROAT-SLOVENE STATE, SIAM, CZECHO-SLOVAKIA, URUGUAY
STATES INVITED TO ACCEDE TO THE COVENANT.
ARGENTINE REPUBLIC, CHILE, COLOMBIA, DENMARK, NETHERLANDS, NORWAY,
PARAGUAY, PERSIA, SALVADOR, SPAIN, SWEDEN, SWITZERLAND, VENEZUELA.
II. FIRST SECRETARY GENERAL OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The Honourable Sir James Eric Drummond, K.C.M.G., C.B.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
PART II.
FRONTIERS OF TURKEY.
ARTICLE 27.
I. In Europe, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows:
1. The Black Sea: from the entrance of the Bosphorus to the point
described below.
2. With Greece:
From a point to be chosen on the Black Sea near the mouth of the Biyuk
Dere, situated about 7 kilometres north-west of Podima,
south-westwards to the most north-westerly point of the limit of the
basin of the Istranja Dere (about 8 kilometres northwest of Istranja),
a line to be fixed on the ground passing through Kapilja Dagh and
Uchbunar Tepe;
thence south-south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the railway
from Chorlu to Chatalja about 1 kilometre west of the railway station
of Sinekli, a line following as far as possible the western limit of
the basin of the Istranja Dere;
thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen between Fener and
Kurfali on the watershed between the basins of those rivers which flow
into Biyuk Chekmeje Geul, on the north-east, and the basin of those
rivers which flow direct into the Sea of Marmora on the south-west, a
line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Sinekli;
thence south-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Sea of Marmora
about 1 kilometre south-west of Kalikratia, a line following as far as
possible this watershed.
3. The Sea of Marmora:
from the point defined above to the entrance of the Bosphorus.
II. In Asia, the frontiers of Turkey will be laid down as follows:
1. On the West and South:
From the entrance of the Bosphorus into the Sea of Marmora to a point
described below, situated in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in the
neighbourhood of the Gulf of Alexandretta near Karatash Burun the Sea
of Marmora, the Dardanelles, and the Eastern Mediterranean Sea; the
islands of the Sea of Marmora, and those which are situated within a
distance of 3 miles from the coast, remaining Turkish, subject to the
provisions of Section IV and Articles 84 and 122, Part III (Political
Clauses).
2. With Syria:
From a point to be chosen on the eastern bank of the outlet of the
Hassan Dede, about 3 kilometres north-west of Karatash Bu- run,
north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak about 1
kilometre north of Babeli, a line to be fixed on the ground passing
north of Karatash; thence to Kesik Kale, the course of the Djaihun
Irmak upstream;
thence north-eastwards to a point to be chosen on the Djaihun Irmak
about 15 kilometres east-southeast of Karsbazar, a line to be fixed on
the ground passing north of Kara Tepe;
thence to the bend in the Djaihun Irmak situated west of Duldul Dagh,
the course of the Djaihun Irmak upstream;
thence in a general south-easterly direction to a point to be chosen
on Emir Musi Dagh about 15 kilometres south-south-west of Giaour Geul
a line to be fixed on the ground at a distance of about 18 kilometres
from the railway, and leaving Duldul Dagh to Syria;
thence eastwards to a point to be chosen about 5 kilometres north of
Urfa a generally straight line from west to east to be hxed on the
ground passing north of the roads connecting the towns of Bagh- che,
Aintab, Biridjik, and Urfa and leaving the last three named towns to
Syria;
thence eastwards to the south-western extremity of the bend in the
Tigris about 6 kilometres north of Azekh (27 kilometres west of
Djezire-ibn-Omar), a generally straight line from west to east to be
fixed on the ground leaving the town of Mardin to Syria;
thence to a point to be chosen on the Tigris between the point of
confluence of the Khabur Su with the Tigris and the bend in the Tigris
situated about 10 kilometres north of this point,
the course of the Tigris downstream, leaving the island on which is
situated the town of Djezire-ibn-Omar to Syria.
3. With Mesopotamia:
Thence in a general easterly direction to a point to be chosen on the
northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence eastwards to the point where it meets the frontier between
Turkey and Persia,
the northern boundary of the vilayet of Mosul, modified, however, so
as to pass south of Amadia.
4. On the East and the North East:
From the point above defined to the Black Sea, the existing frontier
between Turkey and Persia, then the former frontier between Turkey and
Russia, subject to the provisions of Article 89.
5. The Black Sea.
ARTICLE 28.
The frontiers described by the present Treaty are traced on the one in
a million maps attached to the present Treaty. In case of differences
between the text and the map, the text will prevail. [See
Introduction.]
ARTICLE 29.
Boundary Commissions, whose composition is or will be fixed in the
present Treaty or in Treaties supplementary thereto, will have to
trace these frontiers on the ground.
They shall have the power, not only of fixing those portions which are
defined as "a line to be fixed on the ground," but also, if the
Commission considers it necessary, of revising in matters of detail
portions defined by administrative boundaries or otherwise. They shall
endeavour in all cases to follow as nearly as possible the
descriptions given in the Treaties, taking into account, as far as
possible, administrative boundaries and local economic interests.
The decisions of the Commissions will be taken by a majority, and
shall be binding on the parties concerned.
The expenses of the Boundary Commissions will be borne in equal shares
by the parties concerned.
ARTICLE 30.
In so far as frontiers defined by a waterway are concerned, the
phrases "course" or "channel" used in the descriptions of the present
Treaty signify, as regards non-navigable rivers, the median line of
the waterway or of its principal branch, and, as regards navigable
rivers, the median line of the principal channel of navigation. It
will rest with the Boundary Commissions provided for by the present
Treaty to specify whether the frontier line shall follow any changes
of the course or channel which may take place, or whether it shall be
definitely fixed by the position of the course or channel at the time
when the present Treaty comes into force.
In the absence of provisions to the contrary in the present Treaty,
islands and islets Iying within three miles of the coast are included
within the frontier of the coastal State.
ARTICLE 31.
The various States concerned undertake to furnish to the Commissions
all documents necessary for their tasks, especially authentic copies
of agreements fixing existing or old frontiers, all large scale maps
in existence, geodetic data, surveys completed but unpublished, and
information concerning the changes of frontier watercourses. The maps,
geodetic data, and surveys, even if unpublished, which are in the
possession of the Turkish authorities must be delivered at
Constantinople, within thirty days from the coming into force of the
present Treaty, to such representative of the Commissions concerned as
may be appointed by the principal Allied Powers.
The States concerned also undertake to instruct the local authorities
to communicate to the Commissions all documents, especially plans,
cadastral and land books, and to furnish on demand all details
regarding property, existing economic conditions, and other necessary
information.
ARTICLE 32.
The various States interested undertake to give every assistance to
the Boundary Commissions, whether directly or through local
authorities, in everything that concerns transport, accommodation,
labour, materials (sign-posts, boundary pillars) necessary for the
accomplishment of their mission.
In particular the Turkish Government undertakes to furnish to the
Principal Allied Powers such technical personnel as they may consider
necessary to assist the Boundary Commissions in the accomplishment of
their mission.
ARTICLE 33.
The various States interested undertake to safeguard the
trigonometrical points, signals, posts or frontier marks erected by
the Commissions.
ARTICLE 34
The pillars will be placed so as to be intervisible; they will be
numbered, and their position and their number will be noted on a
cartographic document.
ARTICLE 35.
The protocols defining the boundary and the maps and documents
attached thereto will be made out in triplicate, of which two copies
will be forwarded to the Governments of the limitrophe States, and the
third to the Government of the French Republic, which will deliver
authentic copies to the Powers who sign the present Treaty.
PART III.
POLITICAL CLAUSES.
SECTION I.
CONSTANTINOPLE.
ARTICLE 36.
Subject to the provisions of the present Treaty, the High Contracting
Parties agree that the rights and title of the Turkish Government over
Constantinople shall not be affected, and that the said Government and
His Majesty the Sultan shall be entitled to reside there and to
maintain there the capital of the Turkish State.
Nevertheless, in the event of Turkey failing to observe faithfully the
provisions of the present Treaty, or of any treaties or conventions
supplementary thereto, particularly as regards the protection of the
rights of racial, religious or linguistic minorities, the Allied
Powers expressly reserve the right to modify the above provisions, and
Turkey hereby agrees to accept any dispositions which may be taken in
this connection.
SECTION I I .
STRAITS.
ARTICLE 37.
The navigation of the Straits, including the Dardanelles, the Sea of
Marmora and the Bosphorus, shall in future be open, both in peace and
war, to every vessel of commerce or of war and to military and
commercial aircraft, without distinction of flag.
These waters shall not be subject to blockade, nor shall any
belligerent right be exercised nor any act of hostility be committed
within them, unless in pursuance of a decision of the Council of the
League of Nations.
ARTICLE 33.
The Turkish Government recognises that it is necessary to take further
measures to ensure the freedom of navigation provided for in Article
37, and accordingly delegates, so far as it is concerned, to a
Commission to be called the "Commission of the Straits," and
hereinafter referred to as 'the Commission," the control of the waters
specified in Article 39.
The Greek Government, so far as it is concerned, delegates to the
Commission the same powers and undertakes to give it in all respects
the same facilities.
Such control shall be exercised in the name of the Turkish and Greek
Governments respectively, and in the manner provided in this Section.
ARTICLE 39.
The authority of the Commission will extend to all the waters between
the Mediterranean mouth of the Dardanelles and the Black Sea mouth of
the Bosphorus, and to the waters within three miles of each of these
mouths.
This authority may be exercised on shore to such extent as may be
necessary for the execution of the provisions of this Section.
ARTICLE 40.
The Commission shall be composed of representatives appointed
respectively by the United States of America (if and when that
Government is willing to participate), the British Empire, France,
Italy, Japan, Russia (if and when Russia becomes a member of the
League of Nations), Greece, Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey (if and
when the two latter States become members of the League of
Nations). Each Power shall appoint one representative. The
representatives of the United States of America, the British Empire,
France, Italy, Japan and Russia shall each have two votes. The
representatives of Greece, Roumania, and Bulgaria and Turkey shall
each have one vote. Each Commissioner shall be removable only by the
Government which appointed him.
ARTICLE 41.
The Commissioners shall enjoy, within the limits specified in Article
39, diplomatic privileges and immunities.
ARTICLE 42.
The Commission will exercise the powers conferred on it by the present
Treaty in complete independence of the local author ity. It will have
its own flag, its own budget and its separate organisation.
ARTICLE 43.
Within the limits of its jurisdiction as laid down in Article 39 the
Commission will be charged with the following duties:
(a) the execution of any works considered necessary for the improvement
of the channels or the approaches to harbours;
(b) the lighting and buoying of the channels;
(c) the control of pilotage and towage;
(d) the control of anchorages;
(e) the control necessary to assure the application in the ports of
Constantinople and Haidar Pasha of the regime prescribed in Articles
335 to 344, Part XI (Ports, Waterways and Railways) of the present
Treaty;
(f) the control of all matters relating to wrecks and salvage;
(g) the control of lighterage;
ARTICLE 44.
In the event of the Commission finding that the liberty of passage is
being interfered with, it will inform the representatives at
Constantinople of the Allied Powers providing the occupying forces
provided for in Article 178. These representatives will thereupon
concert with the naval and military commanders of the said forces such
measures as may be deemed necessary to preserve the freedom of the
Straits. Similar action shall be taken by the said representatives in
the event of any external action threatening the liberty of passage of
the Straits.
ARTICLE 45.
For the purpose of the acquisition of any property or the execution of
any permanent works which may be required, the Commission shall be
entitled to raise such loans as it may consider necessary. These loans
will be secured, so far as possible, on the dues to be levied on the
shipping using the Straits, as provided in Article 53.
ARTICLE 46.
The functions previously exercised by the Constantinople Superior
Council of Health and the Turkish Sanitary Administration which was
directed by the said Council, and the functions exercised by the
National Life-boat Service of the Bosphorus will within the limits
specified in Article 39 be discharged under the control of the
Commission and in such manner as it may direct.
The Commission will co-operate in the execution of any common policy
adopted by the League of Nations for preventing and combating disease.
ARTICLE 47.
Subject to the general powers of control conferred upon the
Commission, the rights of any persons or companies now holding
concessions relating to lighthouses, docks, quays or similar matters
shall be maintained; but the Commission shall be entitled if it thinks
it necessary in the general interest to buy out or modify such rights
upon the conditions laid down in Article 311 Part IX (Economic
Clauses) of the present Treaty, or itself to take up a new concession.
ARTICLE 48.
In order to facilitate the execution of the duties with which it is
entrusted by this Section, the Commission shall have power to organise
such a force of special police as may be necessary. This force shall
be drawn so far as possible from the native population of the zone of
the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178, Part V (Military,
Naval and Air Clauses), excluding the islands of Lemnos, Imbros,
Samothrace, Tenedos and Mitylene. The said force shall be commanded by
foreign police officers appointed by the Commission.
ARTICLE 49.
In the portion of the zone of the Straits, including the islands of
the Sea of Marmora, which remains Turkish, and pending the coming into
force of the reform of the Turkish judicial system provided for in
Article I36, all infringements of the regulations and by-laws made by
the Commission, committed by nationals of capitulatory Powers, shall
be dealt with by the Consular Courts of the said Powers. The Allied
Powers agree to make such infringements justiciable before their
Consular Courts or authorities. Infringements committed by Turkish
nationals or nationals of non-capitulatory Powers shall be dealt with
by the competent Turkish judicial authorities.
In the portion of the said zone placed under Greek sovereignty such
infringements will be dealt with by the competent Greek judicial
authorities.
ARTICLE 50.
The officers or members of the crew of any merchant vessel vwithin the
limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission who may be arrested on
shore for any offence committed either ashore or afloat within the
limits of the said jurisdiction shall be brought before the competent
judicial authority by the Commission's police. If the accused was
arrested otherwise than by the Commission's police he shall
immediately be handed over to them.
ARTICLE 51 .
The Commission shall appoint such subordinate officers or officials as
may be found indispensable to assist it in carrying out the duties
with which it is charged.
ARTICLE 52.
In all matters relating to the navigation of the waters within the
limits of the jurisdiction of the Commission all the ships referred to
in Article 37 shall be treated upon a footing of absolute equality.
ARTICLE 53.
Subject to the provisions of Article 47 the existing rights under
which dues and charges can be levied for various purposes, whether
direct by the Turkish Government or by international bodies or private
companies, on ships or cargoes within the limits of the jurisdiction
of the Commission shall be transferred to the Commisssion The
Commission shall fix these dues and charges at such amounts only as
may be reasonably necessary to cover the cost of the works executed
and the services rendered to shipping, including the general costs and
expenses of the administration of the Commission, and the salaries and
pay provided for in paragraph 3 of the Annex to this Section.
For these purposes only and with the prior consent of the Council of
the League of Nations the Commission may also establish dues and
charges other than those now existing and fix their amounts.
ARTICLE 54.
All dues and charges imposed by the Commission shall be levied without
any discrimination and on a footing of absolute equality between all
vessels, whatever their port of origin, destination or departure,
their flag or ownership, or the nationality or ownership of their
cargoes.
This disposition does not affect the right of the Commission to fix in
accordance with tonnage the dues provided for by this Section.
ARTICLE 55.
The Turkish and Greek Governments respectively undertake to facilitate
the acquisition by the Commission of such land and buildings as the
Commission shall consider it necessary to acquire in order to carry
out effectively the duties with which it is entrusted.
ARTICLE 56.
Ships of war in transit through the waters specified in Article 39
shall conform in all respects to the regulations issued by the
Commission for the observance of the ordinary rules of navigation and
of sanitary requirements.
ARTICLE 57.
(1) Belligerent warships shall not revictual nor take in stores except
so far as may be strictly necessary to enable them to complete the
passage of the Straits and to reach the nearest port where they can
call, nor shall they replenish or increase their supplies of war
material or their armament or complete their crews, within the waters
under the control of the Commission. Only such repairs as are
absolutely necessary to render them seaworthy shall be carried out,
and they shall not add in any manner whatever to their fighting
force. The Commission shall decide what repairs are necessary, and
these must be carried out with the least possible delay.
(2) The passage of belligerent warships through the waters under the
control of the Commission shall be effected with the least possible
delay, and without any other interruption than that resulting from the
necessities of the service.
(3) The stay of such warships at ports within the jurisdiction of the
Commission shall not exceed twenty-four hours except in case of
distress. In such case they shall be bound to leave as soon as
possible. An interval of at least twenty-four hours shall always
elapse between the sailing of a belligerent ship from the waters under
the control of the Commission and the departure of a ship belonging to
an opposing belligerent.
(4) Any further regulations affecting in time of war the waters under
the control of the Commission, and relating in particular to the
passage of war material and contraband destined for the enemies of
Turkey, or revictualling, taking in stores or carrying out repairs in
the said waters, will be laid down by the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 58.
Prizes shall in all respects be subjected to the same conditions as
belligerent vessels of war.
ARTICLE 59.
No belligerent shall embark or disembark troops, munitions of war or
warlike materials in the waters under the control of the Commission,
except in case of accidental hindrance of the passage, and in such
cases the passage shall be resumed with all possible despatch.
ARTICLE 60.
Nothing in Articles 57, 58 or 59 shall be deemed to limit the powers
of a belligerent or belligerents acting in pursuance of a decision by
the Council of the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 61.
Any differences which may arise between the Powers as to the
interpretation or execution of the provisions of this Section, and as
regards Constantinople and Haidar Pasha of the provisions of Articles
335 to 344, Part Xl (Ports, Waterways, and Railways) shall be referred
to the Commission. In the event of the decision of the Commission not
being accepted by any Power, the question shall, on the demand of any
Power concerned, be settled as provided by the League of Nations,
pending whose decision the ruling of the Commission will be carried
out.
ANNEX
1.
The Chairmanship of the Commission of the Straits shall be rotatory
for the period of two years among the members of the Commission
entitled to two votes.
The Commission shall take decisions by a majority vote and the
Chairman shall have a casting vote. Abstention shall be regarded as a
vote against the proposal under discussion.
Each of the Commissioners will have the right to designate a deputy
Commissioner to replace him in his absence.
2.
The salary of each member of the Commission will be paid by the
Government which appointed him; these salaries will be fixed at
reasonable amounts agreed upon from time to time between the
Governments represented on the Commission.
3.
The salaries of the police officers referred to in Article 48, of such
other officials and officers as may be appointed under Article 51, and
the pay of the local police referred to in Article 48, shall be paid
out of the receipts from the dues and charges levied on shipping.
The Commission shall frame regulations as to the terms and condltions
of employment of all officers and officials appointed
4.
The Commission shall have at its disposal such vessels as may be
necessary to enable it to carry out its functions as laid down in this
Section and Annex.
5.
In order to carry out all the duties with which it is charged by the
provisions of this Section and Annex and within the limits therein
laid down the Commission will have the power to prepare, issue and
enforce the necessary regulations; this power will include the right
of amending so far as may be necessary or repealing the existing
regulations.
6.
The Commission shall frame regulations as to the manner in which the
accounts of all revenues and expenditure of the funds under its
control shall be kept, the auditing of such accounts and the
publication every year of a full and accurate report thereof.
SECTION III.
KURDISTAN.
ARTICLE 62.
A Commission sitting at Constantinople and composed of three members
appointed by the British, French and Italian Governments respectively
shall draft within six months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty a scheme of local autonomy for the predominantly
Kurdish areas lying east of the Euphrates, south of the southern
boundary of Armenia as it may be hereafter determined, and north of
the frontier of Turkey with Syria and Mesopotamia, as defined in
Article 27, II (2) and (3). If unanimity cannot be secured on any
question, it will be referred by the members of the Commission to
their respective Governments. The scheme shall contain full safeguards
for the protection of the Assyro-Chaldeans and other racial or
religious minorities within these areas, and with this object a
Commission composed of British, French, Italian, Persian and Kurdish
representatives shall visit the spot to examine and decide what
rectifications, if any, should be made in the Turkish frontier where,
under the provisions of the present Treaty, that frontier coincides
with that of Persia.
ARTICLE 63.
The Turkish Government hereby agrees to accept and execute the
decisions of both the Commissions mentioned in Article 62 within three
months from their communication to the said Government.
ARTICLE 64.
If within one year from the coming into force of the present Treaty
the Kurdish peoples within the areas defined in Article 62 shall
address themselves to the Council of the League of Nations in such a
manner as to show that a majority of the population of these areas
desires independence from Turkey, and if the Council then considers
that these peoples are capable of such independence and recommends
that it should be granted to them, Turkey hereby agrees to execute
such a recommendation, and to renounce all rights and title over these
areas.
The detailed provisions for such renunciation will form the subject of
a separate agreement between the Principal Allied Powers and Turkey.
If and when such renunciation takes place, no objection will be raised
by the Principal Allied Powers to the voluntary adhesion to such an
independent Kurdish State of the Kurds inhabiting that part of
Kurdistan which has hitherto been included in the Mosul vilayet.
SECTION IV.
SMYRNA.
ARTICLE 65.
The provisions of this Section will apply to the city of Smyrna and
the adjacent territory defined in Article 66, until the determination
of their final status in accordance with Article 83.
ARTICLE 66.
The geographical limits of the territory adjacent to the city of
Smyrna will be laid down as follows:
From the mouth of the river which flows into the Aegean Sea about 5
kilometres north of Skalanova, eastwards,
the course of this river upstream;
then south-eastwards, the course of the southern branch of this river;
then south-eastwards, to the western point of the crest of the Gumush
Dagh;
A line to be fixed on the ground passing west of Chinar K, and east of
Akche Ova;
thence north-eastwards, this crest line;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Ayasoluk
to Deirmendik about 1 kilometre west of Balachik station,
a line to be fixed on the ground leaving the road and railway from
Sokia to Balachik station entirely in Turkish territory;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the southern boundary of
the Sandjak of Smyrna,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood of Bos Dagh
situated about 15 kilometres north-east of Odemish,
the southern and eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the railway from Manisa
to Alashehr about 6 kilometres west of Salihli,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence northwards to Geurenez Dagh,
a line to be fixed on the ground passing east of Mermer Geul west of
Kemer, crossing the Kum Chai approximately south of Akshalan, and then
following the watershed west of Kavakalan;
thence north-westwards to a point to be chosen on the boundary between
the Cazas of Kirkagach and Ak Hissar about 18 kilometres east of
Kirkagach and 20 kilometres north of Ak Hissar,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence westwards to its junction with the boundary of the Caza of Soma,
the southern boundary of the Caza of Kirkagach,
thence westwards to its junction with the boundary of the Sandjak of
Smyrna,
the southern boundary of the Caza of Soma;
thence northwards to its junction with the boundary of the vilayet of
Smyrna,
the north-eastern boundary of the Sandjak of Smyrna;
thence westwards to a point to be chosen in the neighbourhood of
Charpajik (Tepe).
the northern boundary of the vilayet of Smyrna;
thence northwards to a point to be chosen on the ground about 4
kilometres southwest of Keuiluje,
a line to be fixed on the ground;
thence westwards to a point to be selected on the ground between Cape
Dahlina and Kemer Iskele,
a line to be fixed on the ground passing south of Kemer and Kemer
Iskele together with the road joining these places.
ARTICLE 67.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the coming
into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the boundaries
of the territories described in Article 66. This Commission shall be
composed of three members nominated by the British, French and Italian
Governments respectively, one member nominated by the Greek
Government, and one nominated by the Turkish Government.
ARTICLE 68.
Subject to the provisions of this Section, the city of Smyrna and the
territory defined in Article 66 will be assimilated, in the
application of the present Treaty, to territory detached from Turkey.
ARTICLE 69
The city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 remain
under Turkish sovereignty. Turkey, however, transfers to the Greek
Government the exercise of her rights of sovereignty over the city of
Smyrna and the said territory. In witness of such sovereignty the
Turkish flag shall remain permanently hoisted over an outer fort in
the town of Smyrna. The fort will be designated by the Principal
Allied Powers.
ARTICLE 70.
The Greek Government will be responsible for the administration of the
city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66, and will
effect this administration by means of a body of officials which it
will appoint specially for the purpose.
ARTICLE 71.
The Greek Government shall be entitled to maintain in the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 the military forces
required for the maintenance of order and public security.
ARTICLE 72.
A local parliament shall be set up with an electoral system calculated
to ensure proportional representation of all sections of the
population, including racial, linguistic and religious
minorities. Within six months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty the Greek Government shall submit to the Council of the
League of Nations a scheme for an electoral system complying with the
above requirements; this scheme shall not come into force until
approved by a majority of the Council.
The Greek Government shall be entitled to postpone the elections for
so long as may be required for the return of the inhabitants who have
been banished or deported by the Turkish authorities, but such
postponement shall not exceed a period of one year from the coming
into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 73.
The relations between the Greek administration and the local
parliament shall be determined by the said administration in
accordance with the principles of the Greek Constitution.
ARTICLE 74.
Compulsory military service shall not be enforced in the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66 pending the final
determination of their status in accordance with Article 83.
ARTICLE 75.
The provisions of the separate Treaty referred to in Article 86
relating to the protection of racial, linguistic and religious
minorities, and to freedom of commerce and transit, shall be
applicable to the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article
66.
ARTICLE 76.
The Greek Government may establish a Customs boundary along the
frontier line defined in Article 66, and may incorporate the city of
Smyrna and the territory defined in the said Article in the Greek
customs system.
ARTICLE 77.
The Greek Government engages to take no measures which would have the
effect of depreciating the existing Turkish currency, which shall
retain its character as legal tender pending the determination, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 83, of the final status of
the territory.
ARTICLE 78.
The provisions of Part XI (Ports, Waterways and Railways) relating to
the regime of ports of international interest, free ports and transit
shall be applicable to the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in
Article 66.
ARTICLE 79.
As regards nationality, such inhabitants of the city of Smyrna and the
territory defined in Article 66 as are of Turkish nationality and
cannot claim any other nationality under the terms of the present
Treaty shall be treated on exactly the same footing as Greek
nationals. Greece shall provide for their diplomatic and consular
protection abroad.
ARTICLE 80.
The provisions of Article 24I, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) will
apply in the case of the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in
Article 66.
The provisions of Article 293, Part IX (Economic Clauses) will not be
applicable in the case of the said city and territory.
ARTICLE 8I.
Until the determination, in accordance with the provisions of Article
83, of the final status of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article
66, the rights to exploit the salt marshes of Phocea belonging to the
Administration of the Ottoman Public Debt, including all plant and
machinery and materials for transport by land or sea, shall not be
altered or interfered with. No tax or charge shall be imposed during
this period on the manufacture, exportation or transport of salt
produced from these marshes. The Greek administration will have the
right to regulate and tax the consumption of salt at Symrna and within
the territory defined in Article 66.
If after the expiration of the period referred to in the preceding
paragraph Greece considers it opportuhe to effect changes in the
provisions above set forth, the salt marshes of Phocea will be treated
as a concession and the guarantees provided by Article 312, Part IX
(Economic Clauses) will apply, subject, however, to the provisions of
Article 246, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 82.
Subsequent agreements will decide all questions which are not decided
by the present Treaty and which may arise from the execution of the
provisions of this Section.
ARTICLE 83.
When a period of five years shall have elapsed after the coming into
force of the present Treaty the local parliament referred to in
Article 72 may, by a majority of votes, ask the Council of the League
of Nations for the definitive incorporation in the King dom of Greece
of the city of Smyrna and the territory defined in Article 66. The
Council may require, as a preliminary, a plebiscite under conditions
which it will lay down.
In the event of such incorporation as a result of the application of
the foregoing paragraph, the Turkish sovereignty referred to in
Article 69 shall cease. Turkey hereby renounces in that event in
favour of Greece all rights and title over the city of Smyrna and the
territory defined in Article 66.
SECTION V.
GREECE.
ARTICLE 84.
Without prejudice to the frontiers of Bulgaria laid down by the Treaty
of Peace signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine on November 27, 1919, Turkey
renounces in favour of Greece all rights and title over the
territories of the former Turkish Empire in Europe situated outside
the frontiers of Turkey as laid down by the present Treaty.
The islands of the Sea of Marmora are not included in the transfer of
sovereignty effected by the above paragraph.
Turkey further renounces in favour of Greece all her rights and title
over the islands of Imbros and Tenedos. The decision taken by the
Conference of Ambassadors at London in execution of Articles 5 of the
Treaty of London of May 17-30, 1913, and 15 of the Treaty of Athens of
November 1-14, 1913, and notified to the Greek Govermnent on February
13, 1914, relating to the sovereignty of Greece over the other islands
of the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly Lemnos, Samothrace,
Mytilene, Chios, Samos and Nikaria, is confirmed, without prejudice to
the provisions of the present Treaty relating to the islands placed
under the sovereignty of Italy and referred to in Article 122, and to
the islands lying less than three miles fron the coast of Asia.
Nevertheless, in the portion of the zone of the Straits and the
islands, referred to in Article 178, which under the present Treaty
are placed under Greek sovereignty, Greece accepts and undertakes to
observe, failing any contrary stipulation in the present Treaty, all
the obligations which, in order to assure the freedom of the Straits,
are imposed by the present Treaty on Turkey in that portion of the
said zone, including the islands of the Sea of Marmora, which remains
under Turkish sovereignty.
ARTICLE 85.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the coming
into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the frontier
line described in Article 27, 1 (2). This Commission shall be composed
of four members nominated by the Principal Allied Powers, one member
nominated by Greece, and one member nominated by Turkey.
ARTICLE 86.
Greece accepts and agrees to embody in a separate Treaty such
provisions as may be deemed necessary, particularly as regards
Adrianople, to protect the interests of inhabitants of that State who
differ from the majority of the population in race, language or
religion.
Greece further accepts and agrees to embody in a separate Treaty such
provisions as may be deemed necessary to protect freedom of transit
and equitable treatment for the commerce of other nations.
ARTICLE 87.
The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Turkey which
Greece will have to assume on account of the territory placed under
her sovereignty will be determined in accordance with Articles 241 to
244, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of the present Treaty.
Subsequent agreements will decide all questions which are not decided
by the present Treaty and which may arise in consequence of the
transfer of the said territories.
SECTION VI.
ARMENIA.
ARTICLE 88.
Turkey, in accordance with the action already taken by the Allied
Powers, hereby recognises Armenia as a free and independent State.
ARTICLE 89.
Turkey and Armenia as well as the other High Contracting Parties agree
to submit to the arbitration of the President of the United States of
America the question of the frontier to be fixed between Turkey and
Armenia in the vilayets of Erzerum, Trebizond, Van and Bitlis, and to
accept his decision thereupon, as well as any stipulations he may
prescribe as to access for Armenia to the sea, and as to the
demilitarisation of any portion of Turkish territory adjacent to the
said frontier.
ARTICLE 90.
In the event of the determination of the frontier under Article 89
involving the transfer of the whole or any part of the territory of
the said Vilayets to Armenia, Turkey hereby renounces as from the date
of such decision all rights and title over the territory so
transferred. The provisions of the present Treaty applicable to
territory detached from Turkey shall thereupon become applicable to
the said territory.
The proportion and nature of the financial obligations of Turkey which
Armenia will have to assume, or of the rights which will pass to her,
on account of the transfer of the said territory will be determined in
accordance with Articles 241 to 244, Part VIII (Financial Clauses) of
the present Treaty.
Subsequent agreements will, if necessary, decide all questions which
are not decided by the present Treaty and which may arise in
consequence of the transfer of the said territory.
ARTICLE 91.
In the event of any portion of the territory referred to in Article 89
being transferred to Armenia, a Boundary Commission, whose composition
will be determined subsequently, will be constituted within three
months from the delivery of the decision referred to in the said
Article to trace on the spot the frontier between Armenia and Turkey
as established by such decision.
ARTICLE 92.
The frontiers between Armenia and Azerbaijan and Georgia respectively
will be determined by direct agreement between the States concerned.
If in either case the States concerned have failed to determine the
frontier by agreement at the date of the decision referred to in
Article 89, the frontier line in question will be determined by the
Pricipal Allied Powers, who will also provide for its being traced on
the spot.
ARTICLE 93.
Armenia accepts and agrees to embody in a Treaty with the Principal
Allied Powers such provisions as may be deemed necessary by these
Powers to protect the interests of inhabitants of that State who
differ from the majority of the population in race, language, or
religion.
Armenia further accepts and agrees to embody in a Treaty with the
Principal Allied Powers such provisions as these Powers may deem
necessary to protect freedom of transit and equitable treatment for
the commerce of other nations.
SECTION VII.
SYRIA, MESOPOTAMIA, PALESTINE.
ARTICLE 94.
The High Contracting Parties agree that Syria and Mesopotamia shall,
in accordance with the fourth paragraph of Article 22.
Part I (Covenant of the League of Nations), be provisionally
recognised as independent States subject to the rendering of
administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as
they are able to stand alone.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the coming
into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the frontier
line described in Article 27, II (2) and (3). This Commission will be
composed of three members nominated by France, Great Britain and Italy
respectively, and one member nominated by Turkey; it will be assisted
by a representative of Syria for the Syrian frontier, and by a
representative of Mesopotamia for the Mesopotamian frontier.
The determination of the other frontiers of the said States, and the
selection of the Mandatories, will be made by the Principal Allied
Powers.
ARTICLE 95.
The High Contracting Parties agree to entrust, by application of the
provisions of Article 22, the administration of Palestine, within such
boundaries as may be determined by the Principal Allied Powers, to a
Mandatory to be selected by the said Powers. The Mandatory will be
responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on
November 2, 1917, by the British Government, and adopted by the other
Allied Powers, in favour of the establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish people, it being clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious
rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights
and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
The Mandatory undertakes to appoint as soon as possible a special
Commission to study and regulate all questions and claims relating to
the different religious communities. In the composition of this
Commission the religious interests concerned will be taken into
account. The Chairman of the Commission will be appointed by the
Council of the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 96.
The terms of the mandates in respect of the above territories will be
formulated by the Principal Allied Powers and submitted to the Council
of the League of Nations for approval.
ARTICLE 97.
Turkey hereby undertakes, in accordance with the provisions of Article
132, to accept any decisions which may be taken in relation to the
questions dealt with in this Section.
SECTION VIII.
HEDJAZ.
ARTICLE 98.
Turkey, in accordance with the action already taken by the Allied
Powers, hereby recognises the Hedjaz as a free and indepedent State,
and renounces in favour of the Hedjaz all rights and titles over the
territories of the former Turkish Empire situated outside the
frontiers of Turkey as laid down by the present Treaty, and comprised
within the boundaries which may ultimately be fixed.
ARTICLE 99.
In view of the sacred character attributed by Moslems of all countries
to the cities and the Holy Places of Mecca and Medina His Majesty the
King of the Hedjaz undertakes to assure free and easy access thereto
to Moslems of every country who desire to go there on pilgrimage or
for any other religious object, and to respect and ensure respect for
the pious foundations which are or may be established there by Moslems
of any countries in accordance with the precepts of the law of the
Koran.
ARTICLE 100.
His Majesty the King of the Hedjaz undertakes that in commercial
matters the most complete equality of treatment shall be assured in
the territory of the Hedjaz to the persons, ships and goods of
nationals of any of the Allied Powers, or of any of the new States set
up in the territories of the former Turkish Empire, as well as to the
persons, ships and goods of nationals of States, Members of the League
of Nations.
SECTION IX.
EGYPT, SOUDAN, CYPRUS.
I. EGYPT.
ARTICLE 101.
Turkey renounces all rights and title in or over Egypt. This
renunciation shall take effect as from November 5, 1914. Turkey
declares that in conformity with the action taken by the Allied Powers
she recognises the Protectorate proclaimed over Egypt by Great Britain
on December 18, 1914.
ARTICLE 102.
Turkish subjects habitually resident in Egypt on December 18, 1914,
will acquire Egyptian nationality ipso facto and will lose their
Turkish nationality, except that if at that date such persons were
temporarily absent from, and have not since returned to, Egypt they
will not acquire Egyptian nationality without a special authorisation
from the Egyptian Government.
ARTICLE 103.
Turkish subjects who became resident in Egypt after December 18, 1914,
and are habitually resident there at the date of the coming into force
of the present Treaty may, subject to the conditions prescribed in
Article 105 for the right of option, claim Egyptian nationality, but
such claim may in individual cases be refused by the competent
Egyptian authority.
ARTICLE 104.
For all purposes connected with the present Treaty, Egypt and Egyptian
nationals, their goods and vessels, shall be treated on the same
footing, as from August I, 1914, as the Allied Powers, their
nationals, goods and vessels, and provisions in respect of territory
under Turkish sovereignty, or of territory detached from Turkey in
accordance with the present Treaty, shall not apply to Egypt.
ARTICLE I05.
Within a period of one year after the coming into force of the present
Treaty persons over eighteen years of age acquiring Egyptian
nationality under the provisions of Article 102 will be entitled to
opt for Turkish nationality. In case such persons, or those who under
Article 103 are entitled to claim Egyptian nationality, differ in race
from the majority of the population of Egypt, they will within the
same period be entitled to opt for the nationality of any State in
favour of which territory is detached from Turkey, if the majority of
the population of that State is of the same race as the person
exercising the right to opt.
Option by a husband covers a wife and option by parents covers their
children under eighteen years of age.
Persons who have exercised the above right to opt must, except where
authorised to continue to reside in Egypt, transfer within the ensuing
twelve months their place of residence to the State for which they
have opted. They will be entitled to retain their immovable property
in Egypt, and may carry with them their movable property of every
description. No export or import duties or charges may be imposed upon
them in connection with the removal of such property.
ARTICLE 106.
The Egyptian Government shall have complete liberty of action in
regulating the status of Turkish subjects in Egypt and the conditions
under which they may establish themselves in the territory.
ARTICLE 107.
Egyptian nationals shall be entitled, when abroad, to British
diplonlatic and consular protection.
ARTICLE 108.
Egyptian goods entering Turkey shall enjoy the treatment accorded to
British goods.
ARTICLE 109.
Turkey renounces in favour of Great Britain the powers conferred upon
His Imperial Majesty the Sultan by the Convention signed at
Constantinople on October 29, 1888, relating to the free navigation of
the Suez Canal.
ARTICLE 110.
All property and possessions in Egypt belonging to the Turkish
Government pass to the Egyptian Government without payment.
ARTICLE 111 .
All movable and immovable property in Egypt belonging to Turkish
nationals (who do not acquire Egyptian nationality) shall be dealt
with in aecordance with the provisions of Part IX (Economie Clauses)
of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 112.
Turkey renounces all claim to the tribute formerly paid by Egypt.
Great Britain undertakes to relieve Turkey of all liability in respect
of the Turkish loans secured on the Egyptian tribute.
These loans are:
The guaranteed loan of 1855;
The loan of 1894 representing the converted loans of 1854 and 1871;
The loan of 1891 representing the converted loan of 1877.
The sums which the Khedives of Egypt have from time to time undertaken
to pay over to the houses by which these loans were issued will be
applied as heretofore to the interest and the sinking funds of the
loans of 1894 and 1891 until the final extinction of those loans. The
Government of Egypt will also continue to apply the sum hitherto paid
towards the interest on the guaranteed loan of 1855.
Upon the extinction of these loans of 1894, 1891 and 1855, all
liability on the part of the Egyptian Government arising out of the
tribute formerly paid by Egypt to Turkey will cease.
2. SOUDAN.
ARTICLE 113.
The High Contracting Parties declare and place on record that they
have taken note of the Convention between the British Government and
the Egyptian Government defining the status and regulating the
administration of the Soudan, signed on January I9, I899, as amended
by the supplementary Convention relating to the town of Suakin signed
on July 10, 1899.
ARTICLE 114.
Soudanese shall be entitled when in foreign countries to British
diplomatic and consular protection.
3. CYPRUS
ARTICLE 115.
The High Contracting Parties recognise the annexation of Cyprus
proclaimed by the British Government on November 5, 1914.
ARTICLE 116.
Turkey renounces all rights and title over or relating to Cyprus,
including the right to the tribute formerly paid by that island to the
Sultan.
ARTICLE 117.
Turkish nationals born or habitually resident in Cyprus will acquire
British nationality and lose their Turkish nationality, subject to the
conditions laid down in the local law.
SECTION X.
MOROCCO, TUNIS.
ARTICLE 118.
Turkey recognises the French Protectorate in Morocco, and accepts all
the consequences thereof. This recognition shall take effect as from
March 30, 1912.
ARTICLE 119.
Moroccan goods entering Turkey shall be subject to the same treatment
as French goods.
ARTICLE 120.
Turkey recognises the French Protectorate over Tunis and accepts all
the consequences thereof. This recognition shall take effect as from
May 12, 1881.
Tunisian goods entering Turkey shall be subject to the same treatment
as French goods.
SECTION XI.
LIBYA, AEGEAN ISLANDS.
ARTICLE 121.
Turkey definitely renounces all rights and privileges which under the
Treaty of Lausanne of October 18, 1912, were left to the Sultan in
Libya.
ARTICLE 122.
Turkey renounces in favour of Italy all rights and title over the
following islands of the Aegean Sea; Stampalia (Astropalia), Rhodes
(Rhodos), Calki (Kharki), Scarpanto, Casos (Casso) Pscopis (Tilos),
Misiros (Nisyros), Calymnos (Kalymnos) Leros, Patmos, Lipsos (Lipso),
Sini (Symi), and Cos (Kos), which are now occupied by Italy, and the
islets dependent thereon, and also over the island of Castellorizzo.
SECTION Xll.
NATIONALITY.
ARTICLE 123.
Turkish subjects habitually resident in territory which in accordance
with the provisions of the present Treaty is detached from Turkey will
become ipso facto, in the conditions laid down by the local law,
nationals of the State to which such territory is transferred.
ARTICLE 124.
Persons over eighteen years of age losing their Turkish nationality
and obtaining ipso facto a new nationality under Article 123 shall be
entitled within a period of one year from the coming into force of the
present Treaty to opt for Turkish nationality.
ARTICLE 125.
Persons over eighteen years of age habitually resident in territory
detached from Turkey in accordance with the present Treaty and
differing in race from the majority of the population of such
territory shall within one year from the coming into force of the
present Treaty be entitled to opt for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia,
Greece, the Hedjaz, Mesopotamia, Syria, Bulgaria or Turkey, if the
majority of the population of the State selected is of the same race
as the person exercising the right to opt.
ARTICLE 126.
Persons who have exercised the right to opt in accordance with the
provisions of Articles 124 or 125 must within the succeeding twelve
months transfer their place of residence to the State for which they
have opted.
They will be entitled to retain their immovable property in the
territory of the other State where they had their place of residence
before exercising their right to opt.
They may carry with them their movable property of every
description. No export or import duties may be imposed upon them in
connection with the removal of such property.
ARTICLE 127.
The High Contracting Parties undertake to put no hindrance in the way
of the exercise of the right which the persons concerned have under
the present Treaty, or under the Treaties of Peace concluded with
Germany, Austria, Bulgaria or Hungary or under any treaty concluded by
the Allied Powers, or any of them, with Russia, or between any of the
Allied Powers themselves, to choose any other nationality which may be
open to them.
In particular, Turkey undertakes to facilitate by every means in her
power the voluntary emigration of persons desiring to avail themselves
of the right to opt provided by Article 125, and to carry out any
measures which may be prescribed with this object by the Council of
the League of Nations.
ARTICLE 128.
Turkey undertakes to recognise any new nationality which has been or
may be acquired by her nationals under the laws of the Allied Powers
or new States and in accordance with the decisions of the competent
authorities of these Powers pursuant to naturalisation laws or under
Treaty stipulations, and to regard such persons as having, in
consequence of the acquisition of such new nationality, in all
respects severed their allegiance to their country of origin.
In particular, persons who before the coming into force of the present
Treaty have acquired the nationality of one of the Allied Powers in
accordance with the law of such Power shall be recognised by the
Turkish Government as nationals of such Power and as having lost their
Turkish nationality, notwithstanding any provisions of Turkish law to
the contrary. No confiscation of property or other penalty provided by
Turkish law shall be incurred on account of the acquisition of any
such nationality.
ARTICLE 129.
Jews of other than Turkish nationality who are habitually resident, on
the coming into force of the present Treaty, within the boundaries of
Palestine, as determined in accordance with Article 95 will ipso facto
become citizens of Palestine to the exclusion of any other
nationality.
ARTICLE 130.
For the purposes of the provisions of this Section, the status of a
married woman will be governed by that of her husband and the status
of children under eighteen years of age by that of their parents.
ARTICLE 131.
The provisions of this Section will apply to the city of Smyrna and
the territory defined in Article 66 as from the establishment of the
final status of the territory in accordance with Article 83.
SECTION XIII.
GENERAL PROVISIONS.
ARTICLE 132.
Outside her frontiers as fixed by the present Treaty Turkey hereby
renounces in favour of the Principal Allied Powers all rights and
title which she could claim on any ground over or concerning any
territories outside Europe which are not otherwise disposed of by the
present Treaty.
Turkey undertakes to recognise and conform to the measures which may
be taken now or in the future by the Principal Allied Powers, in
agreement where necessary with third Powers, in order to carry the
above stipulation into effect.
ARTICLE 133.
Turkey undertakes to recognise the full force of the Treaties of Peace
and Additional Conventions concluded by the Allied Powers with the
Powers who fought on the side of Turkey, and to recognise whatever
dispositions have been or may be made concerning the territories of
the former German Empire, of Austria, of Hungary and of Bulgaria, and
to recognise the new States within their frontiers as there laid down.
ARTICLE 134.
Turkey hereby recognises and accepts the frontiers of Germany,
Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Roumania, the
Serb-Croat-Slovene State and the Czecho-Slovak State as these
frontiers may be determined by the Treaties referred to in Article 133
or by any supplementary conventions.
ARTICLE 135.
Turkey undertakes to recognise the full force of all treaties or
agreements which may be entered into by the Allied Powers with States
now existing or coming into existence in future in the whole or part
of the former Empire of Russia as it existed on August 1, 1914, and to
recognise the frontiers of any such States as determined therein.
Turkey acknowledges and agrees to respect as permanent and inalienable
the independence of the said States.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 259, Part VIII (Financial
Clauses), and Article 277, Part IX (Economic Clauses), of the present
Treaty, Turkey accepts definitely the abrogation of the Brest-Litovsk
Treaties and of all treaties conventions and agreements entered into
by her with the Maximalist Government in Russia.
ARTICLE 136.
A Commission composed of four members, appointed by the British
Empire, France, Italy and Japan respectively, shall be set up within
three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty, to
prepare, with the assistance of technical experts representing the
other capitulatory Powers, Allied or neutral, who with this object
will each be invited to appoint an expert, a scheme of judicial reform
to replace the present capitulatory system in judicial matters in
Turkey. This Commission may recommend, after consultation with the
Turkish Government, the adoption of either a mixed or an unified
judicial system.
The scheme prepared by the Commission will be submitted to the
Governments of the Allied and neutral Powers concerned. As soon as the
Principal Allied Powers have approved the scheme they will inform the
Turkish Government, which hereby agrees to accept the new system.
The Principal Allied Powers reserve the right to agree among
themselves, and if necessary with the other Allied or neutral Powers
concerned, as to the date on which the new system is to come into
force.
ARTICLE 137.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Part VII (Penalties), no
inhabitant of Turkey shall be disturbed or molested, under any pretext
whatever, on account of any political or military action taken by him,
or any assistance of any kind given by him to the Allied Powers, or
their nationals, between August 1, 1914, and the coming into force of
the present Treaty; all sentences pronounced against any inhabitant of
Turkey for the above reasons shall be completely annulled, and any
proceedings already instituted shall be arrested.
ARTICLE 138.
No inhabitant of territory detached from Turkey in accordance with the
present Treaty shall be disturbed or molested on account of his
political attitude after August 1, 1914, or of the determination of
his nationality effected in accordance with the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 139.
Turkey renounces formally all rights of suzerainty or jurisdiction of
any kind over Moslems who are subject to the sovereignty or
protectorate of any other State.
No power shall be exercised directly or indirectly by any Turkish
authority whatever in any territory detached from Turkey or of which
the existing status under the present Treaty is recognised by Turkey.
PART IV.
PROTECTION OF MINORITIES.
ARTICLE 140.
Turkey undertakes that the stipulations contained in Articles 141, I45
and I47 shall be recognised as fundamental laws, and that no civil or
military law or regulation, no Imperial Iradeh nor official action
shall conflict or interfere with these stipulations, nor shall any
law, regulation, Imperial Iradeh nor official action prevail over
them.
ARTICLE 141.
Turkey undertakes to assure full and complete protection of life and
liberty to all inhabitants of Turkey without distinction of birth,
nationality, language, race or religion. All inhabitants of Turkey
shall be entitled to the free exercise, whether public or private, of
any creed, religion or belief.
The penalties for any interference with the free exercise of the right
referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be the same whatever may
be the creed concerned.
ARTICLE 142.
Whereas, in view of the terrorist regime which has existed in Turkey
since November 1, 1914, conversions to Islam could not take place
under normal conditions, no conversions since that date are recognised
and all persons who were non-Moslems before November 1, 1914, will be
considered as still remaining such, unless, after regaining their
liberty, they voluntarily perform the necessary formalities for
embracing the Islamic faith.
In order to repair so far as possible the wrongs inflicted on
individuals in the course of the massacres perpetrated in Turkey
during the war, the Turkish Government undertakes to afford all the
assistance in its power or in that of the Turkish authorities in the
search for and deliverance of all persons, of whatever race or
religion, who have disappeared, been carried off, interned or placed
in captivity since November 1, 1914.
The Turkish Government undertakes to facilitate the operations of
mixed commissions appointed by the Council of the League of Nations to
receive the complaints of the victims themselves, their families or
their relations, to make the necessary enquiries, and to order the
liberation of the persons in question.
The Turkish Government undertakes to ensure the execution
of the decisions of these commissions, and to assure the security and
the liberty of the persons thus restored to the full enjoyment of
their rights.
ARTICLE 143
Turkey undertakes to recognise such provisions as the Allied Powers
may consider opportune with respect to the reciprocal and voluntary
emigration of persons belonging to racial minorities.
Turkey renounces any right to avail herself of the provisions of
Article I6 of the Convention between Greece and Bulgaria relating to
reciprocal emigration, signed at Neuilly-sur-Seine on November 27,
19l9. Within six months from the coming into force of the present
Treaty, Greece and Turkey will enter into a special arrangement
relating to the reciprocal and voluntary emigration of the populations
of Turkish and Greek race in the territories transferred to Greece and
remaining Turkish respectively.
In case agreement cannot be reached as to such arrangement, Greece and
Turkey will be entitled to apply to the Council of the League of
Nations, which will fix the terms of such arrangement.
ARTICLE 144.
The Turkish Government recognises the injustice of the law of 1915
relating to Abandoned Properties (Emval-i-Metroukeh), and of the
supplementary provisions thereof, and declares them to be null and
void, in the past as in the future.
The Turkish Government solemnly undertakes to facilitate to the
greatest possible extent the return to their homes and
re-establishment in their businesses of the Turkish subjects of
non-Turkish race who have been forcibly driven from their homes by
fear of massacre or any other form of pressure since January 1,
1914. It recognises that any immovable or movable property of the said
Turkish subjects or of the communities to which they belong, which can
be recovered, must be restored to them as soon as possible, in
whatever hands it may be found. Such property shall be restored free
of all charges or servitudes with which it may have been burdened and
without compensation of any kind to the present owners or occupiers,
subject to any action which they may be able to bring against the
persons from whom they derived title.
The Turkish Government agrees that arbitral commissions shall be
appointed by the Council of the League of Nations wherever found
necessary. These commissions shall each be composed of one
representative of the Turkish Government, one representative of the
community which claims that it or one of its members has been injured,
and a ehairman appointed by the Council of the League of
Nations. These arbitral commissions shall hear all claims covered by
this Article and decide them by summary procedure.
The arbitral commissions will have power to order:
(1) The provision by the Turkish Government of labour for any work of
reconstruction or restoration deemed necessary. This labour shall be
recruited from the races inhabiting the territory where the arbitral
commission considers the execution of the said works to be necessary
(2) The removal of any person who, after enquiry, shall be recognised
as having taken an active part in massacres or deportations or as
having provoked them; the measures to be taken with regard to such
person's possessions will be indicated by the commission;
(3) The disposal of property belonging to members of a community who
have died or disappeared since January 1, 1914, without leaving heirs;
such property may be handed over to the community instead of to the
State
(4) The cancellation of all acts of sale or any acts creating rights
over immovable property concluded after January 1, I914. The
indemnification of the holders will be a charge upon the Turkish
Government, but must not serve as a pretext for delaying the
restitution. The arbitral commission will, however have the power to
impose equitable arrangements between the interested parties, if any
sum has been paid by the present holder of such property.
The Turkish Government undertakes to facilitate in the fullest
possible measure the work of the commissions and to ensure the
execution of their decisions, which will be final. No decision of the
Turkish judicial or administrative authorities shall prevail over such
decisions.
ARTICLE 145.
All Turkish nationals shall be equal before the law and shall enjoy
the same civil and political rights without distinction as to race,
language or religion.
Difference of religion, creed or confession shall not prejudice any
Turkish national in matters relating to the enjoyment of civil or
political rights, as for instance admission to public employments,
functions and honours, or the exercise of professions and industries.
Within a period of two years from the coming into force of the present
Treaty the Turkish Government will submit to the Allied Powers a
scheme for the organisation of an electoral system based on the
principle of proportional representation of racial minorities.
No restriction shall be imposed on the free use by any Turkish
national of any language in private intercourse, in commerce,
religion, in the press or in publications of any kind, or at public
meetings. Adequate facilities shall be given to Turkish nationals of
non-Turkish speech for the use of their language, either orally or in
writing, before the courts.
ARTICLE 146.
The Turkish Government undertakes to recognize the validity of
diplomas granted by recognised foreign universities and schools, and
to admit the holders thereof to the free exercise of the professions
and industries for which such diplomas qualify.
This provision will apply equally to nationals of Allied powers who
are resident in Turkey.
ARTICLE 147.
Turkish nationals who belong to racial, religious or linguistic
minorities shall enjoy the ame treatment and security in law and in
fact as other Turkish nationals. In particular they shall have an
equal right to establish, manage and control at their own expense, and
independently of and without interference by the Turkish authorities,
any charitable, religious and social institutions, schools for
primary, secondary and higher instruction and other educational
establishments, with the right to use their own language and to
exercise their own religion freely therein.
ARTICLE 148.
In towns and districts where there is a considerable proportion of
Turkish nationals belonging to racial, linguistic or religious
minorities, these minorities shall be assured an equitable share in
the enjoyment and application of the sums which may be provided out of
public funds under the State, municipal or other budgets for
educational or charitable purposes.
The sums in question shall be paid to the qualified representatives of
the communities concerned.
ARTICLE 149.
The Turkish Government undertakes to recognise and respect the
ecclesiastical and scholastic autonomy of all racial minorities in
Turkey. For this purpose, and subject to any provisions to the
contrary in the present Treaty, the Turkish Government confirms and
will uphold in their entirety the prerogatives and immunities of an
ecclesiastical, scholastic or judicial nature granted by the Sultans
to non-Moslem races in virtue of special orders or imperial decrees
(firmans, hattis, berats, etc.) as well as by ministerial orders or
orders of the Grand Vizier.
All laws, decrees, regulations and circulars issued by the Turkish
Government and containing abrogations, restrictions or amendments of
such prerogatives and immunities shall be considered to such extent
null and void.
Any modification of the Turkish judical system which may be introduced
in accordance with the provisions of the present Treaty shall be held
to override this Article, in so far as such modification may affect
individuals belonging to racial minorities.
ARTICLE 150.
In towns and districts where there is resident a considerable
proportion of Turkish nationals of the Christian or Jewish religions
the Turkish Government undertakes that such Turkish nationals shall
not be compelled to perform any act which constitutes a violation of
their faith or religious observances, and shall not be placed under
any disability by reason of their refusal to attend courts of law or
to perform any legal business on their weekly day of rest. This
provision, however, shall not exempt such Turkish nationals
(Christians or Jews) from such obligations as shall be imposed upon
all other Turkish nationals for the preservation of public order.
ARTICLE 151.
The Principal Allied Powers, in consultation with the Council of the
League of Nations, will decide what measures are necessary to
guarantee the execution of the provisions of this Part. The Turkish
Government hereby accepts all decisions which may be taken on this
subject.
PART V.
MILITARY, NAVAL AND AIR CLAUSES.
In order to render possible the initiation of a general limitation of
the armaments of all nations, Turkey undertakes strictly to observe
the military, naval and air clauses which follow.
SECTION I.
MILITARY CLAUSES.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 152.
The armed force at the disposal of Turkey shall only consist of:
(I) The Sultan's bodyguard;
(2) Troops of gendarmerie, intended to maintain order and security in
the interior and to ensure the protection of minorities
(3) Special elements intended for the reinforcement of the troops of
gendarmerie in case of serious trouble, and eventually to ensure the
control of the frontiers.
ARTICLE 153.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty,
the military forces other than that provided for in Article 152 shall
be demobilised and disbanded.
CHAPTER II.
EFFECTIVES, ORGANISATION AND CADRES OF THE TURKISH ARMED FORCE.
ARTICLE 154.
The Sultan's bodyguard shall consist of a staff and infantry and
cavalry units, the strength of which shall not exceed 700 offirers and
men. This strength is not included in the total force provided for in
Article 155.
The composition of this guard is given in Table 1 annexed to this
Section.
ARTICLE 155.
The total strength of the forces enumerated in paragraphs (2) and (3)
of Article 152 shall not exceed 50,000 men, including staffs,
offficers, training personnel and depot troops.
ARTICLE 156.
The troops of gendarmerie shall be distributed over the territory of
Turkey, which for this purpose will be divided into territorial areas
to be delimited as provided in Article 200.
A legion of gendarmerie, composed of mounted and unmounted troops,
provided with machine guns and with administrative and medical
services will be organised in each territorial region, it will supply
in the vilayets, sandjaks, cazas, etc., the detachments necessary for
the organisation of a fixed protective service, mobile reserves being
at its disposal at one or more points within the region.
On account of their special duties, the legions shall not include
either artillery or technical services.
The total strength of the legions shall not exceed 35,000 men, to be
included in the total strength of the armed force provided for in
Article 155.
The maximum strength of any one legion shall not exceed one quarter of
the total strength of the legions.
The elements of any one legion shall not be employed outside the
territory of their region, except by special authorisation from the
Inter-Allied Commission provided for in Article 200.
ARTICLE 157.
The special elements for reinforcements may include details of
infantry, cavalry, mountain artillery, pioneers and the corresponding
technical and general services; their total strength shall not exceed
15,000 men, to be included in the total strength provided for in
Article 155.
The number of such reinforcements for any one legion shall not exceed
one third of the whole strength of these elements without the special
authority of the Inter-Allied Commission provided for in Article 200.
The proportion of the various arms and services entering into the
composition of these special elements is laid down in Table II annexed
to this Section.
Their quartering will be fixed as provided in Article 200.
ToTable 2
ARTICLE 158.
In the formations referred to in Articles 156 and 157, the proportion
of officers, including the personnel of staffs and special services,
shall not exceed one twentieth of the total effectives with the
colours, and that of non-commissioned officers shall not exceed one
twelfth of the total effectives with the colours.
ARTICLE 159.
Offficers supplied by the various Allied or neutral Powers shail
collaborate, under the direction of the Turkish Government, in the
command, the organisation and the training of the gendarmerie officers
authorised by Article 158, but their number shall not exceed fifteen
per cent. of that strength. Special agreements to be drawn up by the
Inter-Allied Commission mentioned in Article 200 shall fix the
proportion of these offficers according to nationality, and shall
determine the conditions of their participation in the various
missions assigned to them by this Article.
ARTICLE 160.
In any one territorial region all officers placed at the disposal of
the Turkish Government under the conditions laid down in Article 159
shall in principle be of the same nationality.
ARTICLE 161.
In the zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178,
excluding the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace Tenedos and
Mitylene, the forces o Turkish, will be under the Inter-Allied Command
of the forces in occupation of that zone.
ARTICLE 162.
All measures of mobilisation, or appertaining to mobilisation or
tending to an increase of the strength or of the means of transport of
any of the forces provided for in this Chapter are forbidden.
The various formations, staffs and administrative services shall not,
in any case, include supplementary cadres.
ARTICLE 163.
Within the period fixed by Article 153, all existing forces of
gendarmerie shall be amalgamated with the legions provided for in
Article 156.
ARTICLE 164.
The formation of any body of troops not provided for in this Section
is forbidden.
The suppression of existing formations which are in excess of the
authorised strength of 50,000 men (not including the Sultan's
bodyguard) shall be effected progressively from the date of the
signature of the present Treaty, in such manner as to be completed
within six months at the latest after the coming into force of the
Treaty, in accordance with the provisions of Article 158.
The number of offficers, or persons in the position of offficers, in
the War Ministry and the Turkish General Staff, as well as in the
administrations attached to them, shail, within the same period, be
reduced to the establishment considered by the Commission referred to
in Article 200 as strictly necessary for the good working of the
general services of the armed Turkish force, this establishment being
included in the maximum figure laid down in Article 158.
CHAPTER III.
RECRUITING.
ARTICLE 165.
The Turkish armed force shall in future be constituted and recruited
by voluntary enlistment only.
Enlistment shall be open to all subjects of the Turkish State equally,
without distinction of race or religion.
As regards the legions referred to in Article 156, their system of
recruiting shall be in principle regional, and so regulated that the
Moslem and non-Moslem elements of the population of each region may
be, so far as possible, represented on the strength of the
corresponding legion.
The provisions of the preceding paragraphs apply to offficers as well
as to men.
ARTICLE 166.
The length of engagement of non-commissioned officers and men shall be
twelve consecutive years.
The annual replacement of men released from service for any reason
whatever before the expiration of their term of engagement shall not
exceed five per cent. of the total effectives fixed hy Article 155.
ARTICLE 167.
All officers must be regulars (officers de carriere).
Officers at present serving in the army or the gendarmerie who are
retained in the new armed force must undertake to serve at least up to
the age of forty-five.
Offficers at present serving in the army or the gendarmerie who are
not admitted to the new armed force shall be definitely released from
all military obligations, and must not take part in any military
exercises, theoretical or practical.
Officers newly-appointed must undertake to serve on the active list
for at least twenty-five consecutive years.
The annual replacement of officers leaving the service for any cause
before the expiration of their term of engagement shall not exceed
five per cent. of the total effectives of officers provided by Article
158.
CHAPTER IV.
SCHOOLS, EDUCATIONAL ESTABLISHMENTS, MILITARY CLASS AND SOCIETIES
ARTICLE 168.
On the expiration of three months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty there must only exist in Turkey the number of military
schools which is absolutely indispensable for the recruitment of
offficers and non-commissioned officers of the units allowed, i.e.:
school for officers;
1 school per territorial region for non-commissioned officers.
The number of students admitted to instruction in these schools shall
be strictly in proportion to the vacancies to be filled in the cadres
of officers and non-commissioned officers.
ARTICLE 169.
Educational establishments, other than those referred to in Article
168, as well as all sporting or other societies, must not occupy
themselves with any military matters.
CHAPTER V.
CUSTOMS OFFICIALS, LOCAL URBAN AND RURAL POLICE, FOREST GUARDS.
ARTICLE 170.
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 48, Part III (Political
Clauses), the number of customs officials, local urban or rural
police, forest guards or other like officials shall not exceed the
number of men employed in a similar capacity in 1913 within the
territorial limits of Turkey as fixed by the present Treaty.
The number of these officials may only be increased in the future in
proportion to the increase of population in the localities or
municipalities which employ them.
These employees and officials, as well as those employed in the
railway service, must not be assembled for the purpose of taking part
in any military exercises.
In each administrative district the local urban and rural police and
forest guards shall be recruited and officered according to the
principles laid down in the case of the gendarmerie by Article 165.
In the Turkish police, which, as forming part of the civil
administration of Turkey, will remain distinct from the Turkish armed
force, officers or officials supplied by the various Allied or neutral
Powers shall collaborate, under the direction of the Turkish
Government, in the organisation the command and the training of the
said police. The number of these officers or officials shall not
exceed fifteen per cent. of the strength of similar Turkish officers
or officials.
CHAPTER VI.
ARMAMENT, MUNITIONS AND MATERIAL
ARTICLE 171 .
On the expiration of six months from the coming into force of the
present Treaty, the armament which may be in use or held in reserve
for replacement in the various formations of the Turkish armed force
shall not exceed the figures fixed per thousand men in Table III
annexed to this Section.
ARTICLE 172
The stock of munitions at the disposal of Turkey shall not exceed the
amounts fixed in Table III annexed to this Section.
ARTICLE 173.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty all
existing arms, munitions of the various categories and war material in
excess of the quantities authorised shall be handed over to the
Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control provided for in Article
200 in such places as shall be appointed by this Commission.
The Principal Allied Powers will decide what is to be done with this
material.
ARTICLE 174.
The manufacture of arms, munitions and war material, including
aircraft and parts of aircraft of every description, shall take place
only in the factories or establishments authorised by the Inter-Allied
Commission referred to in Article 200.
Within six months from the coming into force of the present Treaty all
other establishments for the manufacture, preparation, storage or
design of arms, munitions or any war material shall be abolished or
converted to purely commercial uses.
The same will apply to all arsenals other than those utilised as
depots for the authorised stocks of munitions.
The plant of establishments or arsenals in excess of that required for
the authorised manufacture shall be rendered useless or converted to
purely commercial uses, in accordance with the decisions of the
Military Inter-Allied Commission of Control referred to in Article
200.
ARTICLE 175
The importation into Turkey of arms, munitions and war materials,
including aircraft and parts of aircraft of every description, is
strictly forbidden, except with the special authority of the
Inter-Allied Commission referred to in Article 200.
The manufacture for foreign countries and the exportation of arms,
munitions and war material of any description is also forbidden.
ARTICLE 176.
The use of flame-throwers, asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and
all similar liquids, materials or processes being forbidden, their
manufacture and importation are strictly forbidden in Turkey.
Material specially intended for the manufacture, storage or use of the
said products or processes is equally forbidden.
The manufacture and importation into Turkey of armoured cars, tanks or
any other similar machines suitable for use in war are equally
forbidden.
CHAPTER VII.
FORTIFICATIONS
ARTICLE 177.
In the zone of the Straits and islands referred to in Article 178 the
fortifications will be disarmed and demolished as provided in that
Article.
Outside this zone, and subject to the provisions of Article 89, the
existing fortified works may be preserved in their present condition,
but will be disarmed within the same period of three months.
CHAPTER VIII.
MAINTENANCE OF THE FREEDOM OF THE STRAITS
ARTICLE 178.
For the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom of the Straits, the High
Contracting Parties agree to the following provisions:
(I) Within three months from the coming into force of the present
Treaty, all works, fortifications and batteries within the zone
defined in Article 179 and comprising the coast and islands of the Sea
of Marmora and the coast of the Straits, also those in the Islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, Tenedos and Mitylene, shall be disarmed
and demolished.
The reconstruction of these works and the construction of similar
works are forbidden in the above zone and islands. France, Great
Britain and Italy shall have the right to prepare for demolition any
existing roads and railways in the said zone and in the islands of
Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace, and Tenedos which allow of the rapid
transport of mobile batteries, the construction there of such roads
and railways remaining forbidden.
In the islands of Lemnos, Imbros, Samothrace and Tenedos the
construction of new roads or railways must not be undertaken except
with the authority of the three Powers mentioned above.
(2) The measures prescribed in the first paragraph of (I) shall be
executed by and at the expense of Greece and Turkey as regards their
respective territories, and under control as provided in Article 203.
(3) The territories of the zone and the islands of Lemnos, Imbros,
Samothrace, Tenedos, and Mitylene shall not be used for military
purposes, except by the three Allied Powers referred to above, acting
in concert. This provision does not exclude the employment in the said
zone and islands of forces of Greek and Turkish gendarmerie, who will
be under the Inter-Allied command of the forces of occupation, in
accordance with the provisions of Article 161, nor the maintenance of
a garrison of Greek troops in the island of Mitylene, nor the presence
of the Sultan's bodyguard referred to in Article 152.
(4) The said Powers, acting in concert, shall have the right to
maintain in the said territories and islands such military and air
forces as they may consider necessary to prevent any action being
taken or prepared which might directly or indirectly prejudice the
freedom of the Straits.
This supervision will be carried out in naval matters by a guard-ship
belonging to each of the said Allied Powers.
The forces of occupation referred to above may, in case of necessity,
exercise on land the right of requisition, subject to the same
conditions as those laid down in the Regulations annexed to the Fourth
Hague Convention, 1907, or any other Convention replacing it to which
all the said Powers are parties. Requisitions shall, however, only be
made against payment on the spot.
ARTICLE 179.
The zone referred to in Article 178 is defined as follows:
(I) In Europe:
From Karachali on the Gulf of Xeros north-eastwards,
a line reaching and then following the southern boundary of the basin
of the Beylik Dere to the crest of the Kuru Dagh;
then following that crest line,
then a straight line passing north of Emerli, and south of Derelar,
then curving north-north-eastwards and cutting the road from Rodosto
to Malgara 3 kilometres west of Ainarjik and then passing 6 kilometres
south-east of Ortaja Keui,
then curving north-eastwards and cutting the road from Rodosto to
Hairobolu 18 kilometres northwest of Rodosto,
then to a point on the road from Muradli to Rodosto about kilometre
south of Muradli,
a straight line;
thence east-north-eastwards to.Yeni Keui,
a straight line, modified, however, so as to pass at a minimum
distance of 2 kilometres north of the railway from Chorlu to Chatalja;
thence north-north-eastwards to a point west of Istranja,
situated on the frontier of Turkey in Europe as defined in
Article 27, 1 (2),
a straight line leaving the village of Yeni Keui within the zone;
thence to the Black Sea,
the frontier of Turkey in Europe as defined in Article 27, 1 (2).
(2) In Asia:
From a point to be determined by the Principal Allied Powers between
Cape Dahlina and Kemer Iskele on the gulf of Adramid
east-north-eastwards,
a line passing south of Kemer Iskele and Kemer together with the road
joining these places;
then to a point immediately south of the point where the Decauville
railway from Osmanlar to Urchanlar crosses the Diermen Dere,
a straight line;
thence north-eastwards to Manias Geul,
a line following the right bank of the Diermen Dere, and Kara Dere Suyu;
thence eastwards, the southern shore of Manias Geul;
then to the point where it is crossed by the railway from Panderma to
Susighirli, the course of the Kara Dere upstream;
thence eastwards to a point on the Adranos Chai about kilometres from
its mouth near Kara Oghlan,
a straight line;
thence eastwards, the course of this river downstream then the
southern shore of Abulliont Geul;
then to the point where the railway from Mudania to Brusa crosses the
Ulfer Chai, about 5 kilometres northwest of Brusa,
a straight line;
thence north-eastwards to the confluence of the rivers about 6
kilometres north of Brusa,
the course of the Ulfer Chai downstream;
thence eastwards to the southernmost point of Iznik Geul,
a straight line;
thence to a point 2 kilometres north of Iznik,
the southern and eastern shores of this lake;
thence north-eastwards to the westernmost point of Sbanaja Geul,
a line following the crest line Chirchir Chesme, Sira Dagh,
Elmali Dagh, Kalpak Dagh, Ayu Tepe, Hekim Tepe; thence northwards to a
point on the road from Ismid to Armasha, 8 kilometres southwest of
Armasha,
a line following as far as possible the eastern boundary of the basin
of the Chojali Dere;
thence to a point on the Black Sea, 2 kilometres east of the mouth of
the Akabad R, a straight line.
ARTICLE 180.
A Commission shall be constituted within fifteen days from the coming
into force of the present Treaty to trace on the spot the boundaries
of the zone referred to in Article 178, except in so far as these
boundaries coincide with the frontier line described in Article
27,1(2). This Commission shall be composed of three members nominated
by the military authorities of France, Great Britain and Italy
respectively, with, for the portion of the zone placed under Greek
sovereignty, one member nominated by the Greek Government, and, for
the portion of the zone remaining under Turkish sovereignty, one
member nominated by the Turkish Government. The decisions of the
Commission, which will be taken by a majority, shall be binding on the
parties concerned. The expenses of this Commission will be included in
the expenses of the occupation of the said zone.
SECTION II.
NAVAL CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 181.
From the coming into force of the present Treaty all warships interned
in Turkish ports in accordance with the Armistice of October 30, 1918,
are declared to be finally surrendered to the Principal Allied Powers.
Turkey will, however, retain the right to maintain along her coasts
for police and fishery duties a number of vessels which shall not
exceed:
7 sloops,
6 torpedo boats.
These vessels will constitute the Turkish Marine, and will be chosen
by the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control referred to in Article
201 from amongst the following vessels:
SLOOPS
Aidan Reis.Hizir Reis.
Burock Reis.Kemal Reis.
Sakis.Issa Reis.
Prevesah.
TORPEDO-BOATS
Sisri Hissar. Moussoul.
Sultan Hissor. Ack Hissar.
Drach. Younnous.
The authority established for the control of customs will be entitled
to appeal to the three Allied Powers referred to in Article 178 in
order to obtain a more considerable force, if such an increase is
considered indispensable for the satisfactory working of the services
concerned.
Sloops may carry a light armament of two guns inferior to 77 m /m. and
two machine guns. Torpedo-boats (or patrol launches) may carry a light
armament of one gun inferior to 77 m/m. All the torpedoes and
torpedo-tubes on board will be removed.
ARTICLE 182.
Turkey is forbidden to construct or acquire any warships other than
those intended to replace the units referred to in Article
181. Torpedo-boats shall be replaced by patrol launches.
The vessels intended for replacement purposes shall not exceed: 600
tons in the case of sloops;
l00 tons in the case of patrol launches.
Except where a ship has been lost, sloops and torpedo-boats shall only
be replaced after a period of twenty years, counting from the
launching of the ship.
ARTICLE 183.
The Turkish armed transports and fleet auxiliaries enumerated below
shall be disarmed and treated as merchant ships:
Rechid Pasha (late Port Antonio).
Tir-i-Mujghion (late Pembroke Castle).
Kiresund (late Warwick Castle).
Millet (late Seagull).
Akdeniz. Bosphorus ferry-boats Nos. 60, 61, 63 and 70.
ARTICLE 184.
All warships, including submarines, now under construction in Turkey
shall be broken up, with the exception of such surface vessels as can
be completed for commercial purposes.
The work of breaking up these vessels shall be commenced on the coming
into force of the present Treaty.
ARTICLE 185.
Articles, machinery and material arising from the breaking up of
Turkish warships of all kinds, whether surface vessels or submarines,
may not be used except for purely industrial or commercial
purposes. They may not be sold or disposed of to foreign countries.
ARTICLE 186.
The construction or acquisition of any submarine, even for commercial
purposes, shall be forbidden in Turkey.
ARTICLE 187.
The vessels of the Turkish Marine enumerated in Article 181 must have
on board or in reserve only the allowance of war material and
armaments fixed by the Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control
referred to in Article 201. Within a month from the time when the
above quantities are fixed all armaments rmunitions or other naval war
material including mines and torpedoes, belonging to Turkey at the
time of the signing of the Armistice of October 30, 1918, must be
definitely surrendered to the Principal Allied Powers.
The manufacture of these articles in Turkish territory for, and their
export to, foreign countries shall be forbidden.
All other stocks, depots or reserves of arms, munitions or naval war
material of all kinds are forbidden.
ARTICLE 188.
The Naval Inter-Allied Commission of Control will fix the number of
officers and men of all grades and corps to be admitted in accordance
with the provisions of Article 189, into the Turkish Marine. This
number will include the personnel for manning the ships left to Turkey
in accordance with Article 181, and the administrative personnel of
the police and fisheries protection services and of the semaphore
stations.
Within two months from the time when the above number is fixed, the
personnel of the former Turkish Navy in excess of this number shall be
demobilised.
No naval or military corps or reserve force in connection with the
Turkish Marine may be organised in Turkey without being included in
the above strength.
ARTICLE 189.
The personnel of the Turkish Marine shall be recuited entirely by
voluntary engagements entered into for a minimum period of twenty-five
consecutive years for officers, and twelve consecutive years for petty
officers and men.
The number engaged to replace those discharged for any reason other
than the expiration of their term of service must not exceed five per
cent. per annum of the total personnel fixed by the Naval Inter-Allied
Commission of Control.
The personnel discharged from the former Turkish Navy must not receive
any kind of naval or military training.
Officers belonging to the former Turkish Navy and not demobilised must
undertake to serve till the age of forty-five, unless discharged for
sufficient reason.
Officers and men belonging to the Turkish mercantile marine must not
receive any kind of naval or military training.
ARTICLE 190.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty all the wireless
stations in the zone referred to in Article 178 shall be handed over
to the Principal Allied Powers. Greece and Turkey shall not construct
any wireless stations in the said zone.
SECTION III.
AIR CLAUSES.
ARTICLE 19l.
The Turkish armed forces must not include any military or naval air
forces.
No dirigible shall be kept.
ARTICLE 192.
Within two months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the
personnel of the air forces on the rolls of the Turkish land and sea
forces shall be demobilised.
ARTICLE 193.
Until the complete evacuation of Turkish territory by the Allied
troops, the aircraft of the Allied Powers shall have throughout
Turkish territory freedom of passage through the air, freedom of
transit and of landing.
ARTICLE 194.
During the six months following the coming into force of the present
Treaty the manufacture, importation and exportation of aircraft of
every kind, parts of aircraft, engines for aircraft and parts of
engines for aircraft shall be forbidden in all Turkish territory.
ARTICLE 195.
On the coming into force of the present Treaty all military and naval
aeronautical material must be delivered by Turkey, at her own expense,
to the Principal Allied Powers.
Delivery must be completed within six months and must be effected at
such places as may be appointed by the Aeronautical Inter-Allied
Commission of Control. The Governments of the Principal Allied Powers
will decide as to the disposal of this material.
In particular, this material will include all items under the
following heads which are or have been in use or were designed for
warlike purposes.
Complete aeroplanes and seaplanes, as well as those being
manufactured, repaired or assembled.
Dirigibles a